Abstract: In dynamic environments, optimization algorithms tend to track the changing optima. However, frequent changes to decision solutions often cause high switching costs and system instability.

Introduction: Excessive fertilization not only causes environmental pollution and degrades water and soil quality but also increases production costs and reduces agricultural sustainability. Methods: ...

Want your business to show up in Google’s AI-driven results? The same principles that help you rank in Google Search still matter – but AI introduces new dimensions of context, reputation, and ...

Abstract: This letter deals with the estimation of the refractive index of snowpack based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. By leveraging its ability to handle multidimensional ...